巴彦乌拉铀矿周围饮用井水中总放射性水平调查

目的 调查巴彦乌拉铀矿周围饮用井水中总放射性水平。方法 采集2020年巴彦乌拉铀矿周围枯水期和丰水期饮用井水174份,以及居民家中经过滤后的饮用井水5份。分析枯水期和丰水期总α和总β放射性水平是否存在差异,总放射性水平与距离铀矿中心不同位置的关系,并对居民家中过滤后的饮用井水进行放射性水平调查。采用低本底α、β放射性测量仪测量分析其放射性水平。结果 巴彦乌拉铀矿周围饮用井水中,枯水期总α范围为0.024~ 2.468 Bq/L, 平均为(0.605±0.507)Bq/L,总β变化范围为0.125~1.395 Bq/L,平均为(0.420±0.235)Bq/L。丰水期总α变化范围为0.049~2.988 Bq/L,平均为(0.825±0.605)Bq/L,总β变化范围为0.059~1.623 Bq/L,平均为(0.506±0.265)Bq/L。距离铀矿中心位置水样的总放射性水平均值关系为10 km>30 km>20 km。结论 巴彦乌拉铀矿周围饮用井水中的放射性活度偏高,丰水期水样中总α、总β放射性水平均大于枯水期,放射性水平较未开采前未见升高。     

我国2015－2016年哨点监测手足口病病原学和并发症分析

目的 分析2015－2016年我国手足口病哨点监测系统的手足口病特征,探讨建立手足口病哨点监测的可行性、优势及不足。方法 数据来源于11个国家级哨点监测点2015年11月至2016年10月手足口病监测数据,描述手足口病的病原特征、代表性和重症病例并发症情况,采用多因素logistic回归分析手足口病哨点监测样本阳性率的相关影响因素。采用SPSS 20.0软件进行统计学分析。结果 共有4 783例手足口病病例样本,其中轻症病例3 390例,重症病例1 390例,死亡3例。肠道病毒（EV）阳性率为81.43%（3 895/4 783）,轻症病例优势血清型为其他EV（52.68%,1 482/2 813）,重症病例优势血清型为EV71（65.31%,706/1 081）。哨点监测显示的优势血清型与同时期现有监测血清型基本一致。其他EV所致病例中低年龄组儿童所占比例高于EV71和柯萨奇病毒A组16型（Cox A16）（χ²=130.17,P<0.001）。多因素logistic回归结果显示,样本阳性率高与男性、高发月份病例、儿童医院病例、样本为粪便、及时采样有关。不同类型样本阳性率均呈现随发病-采样间隔时间的延长而下降的趋势（粪便趋势χ²=14.47,P<0.001;咽拭子趋势χ²=31.99,P<0.001;肛拭子趋势χ²=24.26,P<0.001）。无菌性脑膜炎、非脑干脑炎、脑干脑炎为重症病例最常见的3种并发症,EV71和其他EV所致重症病例并发症差异无统计学意义。结论 哨点监测发现性别、发病月份、接诊医院类别、标本类型、采样及时性是影响手足口病样本阳性率的5个独立影响因素。哨点监测可以收集这些影响因素以提升监测质量。设立手足口病国家级哨点监测在我国是可行的。     

Homeopathic Agents or Vitamins in Reducing Ecchymosis after Oculofacial Surgery: A Report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology

PurposeTo review the published literature to determine the efficacy and safety of homeopathic agents or vitamins in reducing ecchymosis after oculofacial surgery or laser surgery.MethodsA literature search was conducted in the PubMed database initially in December 2019 and updated in March 2020 to identify all studies in the English language literature on the use of homeopathic agents or vitamins in oculofacial procedures, including laser surgery. The search yielded 124 citations, and 11 articles met all inclusion criteria for this assessment. A panel methodologist then assigned a level of evidence rating for each study. Eleven studies met inclusion criteria; 9 were rated level I, and 2 were rated level III.ResultsThe agents studied in the articles identified included oral or topical Arnica montana (AM), oral Melilotus extract, topical vitamin K oxide, and topical AM combined with Rhododendron tomentosum. Metrics to describe ecchymosis varied. In 7 controlled studies, perioperative AM provided no or negligible benefit versus placebo. In 2 studies, vitamin K cream was equivalent to placebo. One study of oral Melilotus extract had less ecchymosis compared with controls in paranasal and eyelid ecchymosis at postoperative day (POD) 7, but not at PODs 1 and 4. A lone cohort study of combined topical AM and R. tomentosum lacked objective metrics and adequate controls. No serious side effects from administration of homeopathic agents or vitamins were identified.ConclusionsThe current literature does not support the use of AM, vitamin K oxide, R. tomentosum, or Melilotus extract for reducing ecchymosis after oculofacial surgery or pulsed dye laser surgery.     

Is colistin-associated acute kidney injury clinically important in adults? A systematic review and meta-analysis

Colistin is the last-resort antimicrobial agent against infections caused by multidrug-resistance Gram-negative bacteria (MDR-GNB). However, a differing risk of colistin-associated acute kidney injury (CA-AKI) has been demonstrated without affecting mortality, thus the association and its importance needs to be questioned. To assess the impact of this adverse effect, a meta-analysis comparing colistin with other antibiotics in treating MDR-GNB infections was conducted. The PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library electronic databases were searched up to 31 December 2018 for cohort studies and randomised controlled trials with at least two arms with one arm containing colistin-based treatment. The primary endpoint was the incidence of AKI. The secondary endpoint was 30-day all-cause mortality. A total of 34 studies, including 26 regarding colistin-based therapy versus other antibiotics and 9 regarding colistin monotherapy versus combination therapy, were included. The incidence of CA-AKI was 32.3%. Colistin was associated with an 82% higher incidence of AKI than other antibiotics [odd ratio (OR) = 1.82, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.13–2.92; P = 0.01]. Most CA-AKI events were mild and reversible without a higher rate of mortality or the requirement for renal replacement therapy (RRT). Only 1.0% of patients required RRT for > 4 weeks. Compared with colistin monotherapy, combination therapy was associated with a significantly lower incidence of AKI (OR = 1.46, 95% CI 1.10–1.94; P = 0.009), particularly in combination with a carbapenem (OR = 1.97, 95% CI 1.30–2.99; P = 0.001). In conclusion, CA-AKI might not be an important limitation of colistin in MDR-GNB therapy.     

艰难梭菌感染诊断团体标准解读

艰难梭菌是引起抗生素相关性腹泻和医疗机构相关性腹泻的重要病原,在欧美引起暴发流行,造成沉重疾病负担。然而我国艰难梭菌感染调查缺乏统一的诊断原则和检测技术规范,我国艰难梭菌感染率和疾病负担尚不明确。因此中国CDC传染病预防控制所联合全国其他11家单位撰写《艰难梭菌感染诊断(T/CPMA 008-2020)》中华预防医学会团体标准,以"合法性、科学性、先进性、可行性"为原则,给出了艰难梭菌感染的危险因素、诊断原则、诊断和鉴别诊断。旨在提高临床感染性腹泻中艰难梭菌感染诊断的准确性,指导监测工作开展,明确我国艰难梭菌感染的风险和疾病负担。     

2019年全国医疗机构医务人员诊疗过程手卫生监测报告

 目的 建立医务人员诊疗过程手卫生监测数据的评价体系。方法 2019年9月1—30日采用手卫生观察员现场调查方法获取综合重症监护病房（ICU）、呼吸内科病区、骨科病区、感染科病区、儿科门急诊、血液透析室医生和护士手卫生执行情况,并统计同期调查科室工作量、手卫生用品消耗量以及医疗机构实际开放床位数,计算手卫生依从率和手卫生用品床日消耗量。结果 共有1 480所医疗机构手卫生调查资料审核合格,应执行手卫生1 353 531次,执行手卫生1 076 639次,正确执行手卫生891 185次,手卫生依从率为79.54%,手卫生执行正确率为82.77%。不同规模医疗机构手卫生依从率为76.26%~82.84%,以实际开放床位数600~899张者手卫生依从率最低;手卫生正确率为81.87%~84.01%,以实际开放床位数≥900张者手卫生正确率最低。调查科室手卫生依从率为76.80%~84.44%,以儿科门急诊手卫生依从率最低;手卫生正确率为81.19%~84.98%,以骨科手卫生正确率最低。五个手卫生时机手卫生依从率为67.59%~89.84%,以接触患者周围环境后手卫生依从率最低;手卫生执行正确率为81.51%~86.76%,以接触患者周围环境后手卫生执行正确率最低。综合ICU、呼吸内科、骨科、感染科手卫生用品消耗量分别为56.62、10.76、9.50、14.54 mL/床日,儿科门急诊、血液透析室手卫生用品消耗量分别为2.02、9.06 mL/人次。不同规模医疗机构中,综合ICU以实际开放床位数600~899张者手卫生用品消耗量最多（61.15 mL/床日）,呼吸内科、骨科、感染科均以实际开放床位数>900张者手卫生用品消耗量最多（分别为13.61、10.96、16.55 mL/床日）,儿科门急诊、血液透析室均以实际开放床位数300~599张者手卫生用品消耗量最多（分别为2.53、10.76 mL/人次）。结论 此次调查获取的不同规模医疗机构手卫生依从率及手卫生用品床日消耗量可作为标杆,为各医院机构提供手卫生执行情况的对照体系,以促进全国医疗机构手卫生持续改进。     

手足口病重症病例分析:基于全国手足口病监测试点数据

目的 了解手足口病重症病例的患病情况、病原构成以及危险因素。方法 对2015年11月1日至2016年11月30日全国手足口病监测试点网络直报系统报告的1 489例手足口病重症及死亡病例进行研究,对基本信息、就诊及治疗情况、临床严重程度及病原构成进行描述性分析并通过多项logistic逐步回归分析重症病例治疗结果的危险因素。结果 1 489例重症病例中有7例死亡病例。960例（72.9%）年龄<3岁,937例（62.9%）为男性,病例大部分居住于农村（63.9%）。494例（33.2%）患者首次就诊时选择村级和乡镇级机构。重症病例的发病-就诊、发病-诊断为手足口病和发病-重症诊断的时间间隔分别为0（0～1） d、1（0～2） d和2（1～4） d。并发症有无菌性脑膜炎（51.9%,773例）、非脑干脑炎（25.3%,377例）、脑干脑炎（17.5%,260例）、脑脊髓炎（0.4%,6例）、急性弛缓性麻痹（0.1%,1例）、肺水肿/肺出血（0.3%,4例）和心肺功能衰竭（4.6%,68例）。1 217例纳入病原分析的重症及死亡病例的病原构成依次为肠道病毒（EV）71（52.8%,642例）、其他肠道病毒（21.5%,261例）、柯萨奇病毒（Cox） A16（3.0%,36例）、EV71和Cox A16合并感染（0.1%,1例）。并发症（Z=3.15,P=0.002）和发病-重症诊断的时间（Z=3.95,P<0.001）为治疗结果的危险因素。结论 手足口病重症病例以农村男童为主,并发症以无菌性脑膜炎、非脑干脑炎和脑干脑炎为主。EV71是重症及死亡病例的重要病原构成。确诊的及时性以及并发症类型对于治疗结果具有重要影响。